German botanist Otto Brunfels publishes Living images of plants , the first serious work of natural history with printed illustrations. Go to Brunfels, Otto c. The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun. The Protestant princes of Germany form the defensive League of Schmalkalden. Zwingli is killed at Kappel in a battle between Protestant and Catholic cantons. Francisco Pizarro leads men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire.
Go to Pizarro, Francisco — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive. Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver.
Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian. The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes. Go to Cuzco in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Go to Cranmer, Thomas — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Anne Boleyn has a child the future Elizabeth I but not of the sex her husband wanted.
French explorer Jacques Cartier charts the Gulf of St Lawrence and, in , explores up the river as far as Montreal. Go to Cartier, Jacques — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Portuguese force the local ruler to cede to them the island of Bombay. Paris wakes up to find Protestant placards all over the place, mocking the sacrament of the mass. Go to Protestantism in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Cartier, welcomed by the Huron Indians, gives their island in the St Lawrence river the name of Montreal.
Thomas More refuses to take the oath accepting the Act of Supremacy and is beheaded. Wales is merged within the English kingdom as a principality. William Tyndale is captured in Antwerp, condemned as a heretic and strangled at the stake.
Christian III seizes the wealth of Danish churches and monasteries, before turning his attention to those of Norway. Manco Inca begins a siege of the Spaniards in Cuzco that lasts for a year. The reign of Christian III begins three centuries in which Norway is administered as little more than an annexe of Denmark. Go to Anne Boleyn b. Go to Jane Seymour b. With the end of the siege of Cuzco, and the flight of Manco Inca, the Spanish have full control of Peru.
Go to Edward VI b. Francisco Vasquez de Coronado penetrates far north and west of Texas in an expedition searching for gold. Protestant reformer John Calvin settles in Geneva and submits the city to a strict Christian rule. Go to Suleiman I c. Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon. New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America.
Go to encomiendas in The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance 1 ed. Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death.
Go to Howard, Catherine c. Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus publishes a book suggesting that the earth moves round the sun. The first Europeans reach Japan by accident, blown ashore in a storm.
Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes a seven-volume work which for the first time lays bare human anatomy. Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India. Rich seams of silver are discovered at Potosi, in modern Bolivia. Go to Waldenses noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. The Italian players of the commedia dell'arte first feature in the records in this year. A council of the Roman Catholic church is convened in Trent, to establish the tenets of the Counter-Reformation.
David Beaton, the archbishop of St Andrews, burns a leading Protestant, George Wishart, as a heretic and is murdered in retaliation. Go to Beaton, David c. The first book describing the game of draughts, or checkers, is published in Spain. Go to draughts noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed.
John Knox is captured in St Andrews and is sent to serve in the French fleet as a galley slave. Go to Knox, John —72 in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. La Paz is founded on the trade route between Lima and the newly discovered silver mines at Potosi.
Brazil becomes a Portuguese royal province, under the control of a governor general. The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia now Salvador as his capital. Africans, bought in the Portuguese trading posts of west Africa, are shipped across the Atlantic as slaves.
The Mongols, increasingly dominated by their neighbours in Manchuria, submit to them and are accepted by the Manchus as vassals. Go to vassal noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. The tinderbox provides a new way of making fire - with just flint, steel and tinder. Go to flint noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Spanish galleons assemble each year at Portobelo to deliver European goods and to ship home the metals of Latin America.
Pierre de Ronsard publishes the first four books of his Odes. Mary I succeeds to the English throne, and devotes her energies to the restoration of the Catholic faith. Mary I causes grave offence in England by her marriage to the Catholic heir to the king of Spain. Thomas Wyatt raises a Protestant rebellion in Yorkshire and marches south in a failed attempt to depose the English queen, Mary I. Go to Wyatt, Sir Thomas c.
Mary I arrests her younger sister Elizabeth under suspicion of complicity in the Wyatt Rebellion, but she can find no proof. The Muscovy Company is granted a monopoly by the crown to trade with Russia, as the first of the English chartered companies. The Peace of Augsburg achieves a compromise which for a while solves the religious tensions deriving from the Reformation. Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne.
The Protestant martyrs, though few in number, ensure the reputation of Bloody Mary in English history. Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen. Go to Akbar b. Thomas Cranmer is burnt at the stake in Oxford, after reasserting his Protestant beliefs.
The division by Charles V of his territories means that there are now two Habsburg empires, Austrian and Spanish. Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul. The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China. Go to Macao in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Elizabeth I succeeds peacefully to the throne of England, after the turmoil of Mary's Catholic reign. William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, becomes Elizabeth's principal secretary - and remains in the post for forty years.
With its strong French connection, the Scottish royal name of Stewart begins to be spelt Stuart there being no 'w' in native French words. A national synod of France's Protestants, the Huguenots, is convened in Paris. A book to teach good handwriting is published by Gianfrancesco Cresci, with examples engraved on copper plates. Go to Cresci, Gianfrancesco Giovanni Francesco c.
Tobacco is grown in Europe's physic gardens for its medicinal qualities. Go to physic garden noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Philip II begins construction of the palace and monastery known as the Escorial.
Go to Escorial in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Go to Unitarianism in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Marlowe and Shakespeare are born in the same year, with Marlowe the older by two months. Gabriele Fallopia invents the condom.
Go to condom noun in Oxford Dictionary of English 3 ed. Pieter Brueghel the Elder depicts biblical events taking place among the peasants of the Netherlands countryside. Go to Bruegel, Pieter c. Mary Queen of Scots' secretary, David Rizzio, is dragged from her presence and stabbed to death. Go to Rizzio, David c. Mary Queen of Scots' husband Darnley is treacherously involved in the murder of her secretary, Rizzio. Darnley is murdered, almost certainly at the instigation of Mary Queen of Scots' lover, Bothwell, whom she marries just three months later.
The duke of Alba introduces a reign of terror in the Spanish Netherlands, by means of a tribunal known as the Council of Blood. A casket of letters seems to incriminate Mary Queen of Scots herself in the murder of her husband, Darnley. The events of this year give the Protestant nobility the occasion and opportunity of deposing Mary Queen of Scots. Go to James I — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed.
Discovery of the Solomon Islands by a Spanish ship prompts interest in a possible Terra Australis Incognita 'unknown southern land'. Mary Queen of Scots flees across the border to seek the help of her English cousin, Elizabeth, but finds herself kept under close guard. Flemish cartographer Gerardus Mercator publishes a map of the world, using the projection now known by his name.
Privateers frequent the Spanish main to plunder the richly laden caravels on their way home to Europe. Go to privateers in A Dictionary of World History 2 ed. The Ashanti establish a powerful kingdom in present-day Ghana, with their capital at Kumasi.
Go to Ashanti in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Pope Pius V excommunicates the English queen, Elizabeth I, causing a severe crisis of loyalty for her Catholic subjects. Akbar builds his new palace of Fatehpur Sikri close to the shrine of a Sufi saint. The Philippines and its governor general are placed under the authority of the Spanish governor of New Spain, ruling from Mexico City.
Galleys are rowed into battle for the last time at Lepanto, ending a fighting career of some years. Go to galley in A Dictionary of World History 2 ed.
Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto. Sea beggars seize the town of Brill and raise the flag of William of Orange also known as William the Silent. The tomb in Delhi of the Mughal emperor Humayun introduces the shape of dome which characterizes his dynasty's architecture. William of Orange declares himself a Calvinist and assumes the leadership of the united provinces of the Netherlands. Oda Nobunaga takes power into his own hands, after ruling for a while through the Ashikaga shogun.
Venice cedes the island of Cyprus to the Turks, in spite of the Christian victory at Lepanto two years earlier. The city of Alkmaar is saved when the Dutch breach their own dikes, threatening the Spanish troops with death by drowning. The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates. The armies of Spain develop a powerful version of the ancient phalanx, which becomes known as the Spanish square.
English sailor and slave-trader John Hawkins turns the top-heavy carrack into the more seaworthy galleon. Soft-paste porcelain, in imitation of true porcelain from China, is successfully created for the Medici in Florence. Go to porcelain in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The Pacification of Ghent unites all the provinces of the Netherlands in opposition to Spain. James Burbage builds London's first theatre and calls it the Theatre.
Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe builds Uraniborg, on the island of Hven, and makes it the world's leading observatory. Go to Brahe, Tycho — in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. Domenikos Theotokopoulos moves to Spain, where he becomes known as El Greco. Francis Drake seizes a Spanish vessel laden with gold and silver in the Pacific, formerly a safe area for Spain.
Five tribal groups form a League of Five Nations, commonly known as the Iroquois League or Confederacy, against their common enemy the Huron. Go to Iroquois Confederacy in World Encyclopedia 1 ed. The first Jesuit missionaries arrive in England, with Edmund Campion among their number. Francis Drake returns to England after his three-year voyage round the world and is knighted by Queen Elizabeth on board his Golden Hind.
French author Michel de Montaigne, in his library tower, produces Europe's first volume of essays — published in this year under the simple title Essais. William Chamberlen invents the obstetrical forceps.
They were all sent to the Tower. A rebellion against the marriage of Queen Mary and Philip of Spain. The object of the rising was to dethrone Mary in favour of her sister Elizabeth. Protestants are persecuted and about , including Cranmer, are burned at the stake Stationers Company London charted Mercantile Death of Queen Mary Royalty Elizabeth is crowned Queen of England Royalty Repeal of Catholic legislation in England Law Custom House built Mercantile Act of Supremacy This act declared the Sovereign to be supreme of all persons and causes, ecclesiastical as well as civil within this realm.
There is a suspicion he was murdered by Earl of Bothwell and that he and Mary Queen of Scots were lovers. She then marries Bothwell, is imprisoned, and forced to abdicate. It vanishes without a trace by Science Galileo invents a water thermometer. Science John Napier discovers and develops the logarithm, a brilliant method of simplifying difficult computations. Science John Gerards 'Herbal' is published.
The 16th Century became a hothouse for brilliantly creative minds. The shape of the future Britain was created in the 16th Century During this 16th century, Britain cut adrift from the Catholic church, carving out a new national church, the Church of England, with the monarch as it's supreme head. How much more could this 16th Century deliver? William Shakespeare So much in one century that remains with us to this day, the 16th Century is a period of time when so much divides and yet there is a coalescence of talent and thinking that reinforces itself from start to finish.
Georg Giese by Hans Holbein William Shakespeare Southwark Cathedral. The young King was 18 years old. This battle was fought at Flodden Edge, Northumberland in which invading Scots were defeated by the English. Balboa a Spanish adventurer first sighted the Pacific from Panama. The book is a socio-political satire, a narrative primarily depicting a fictional island society and its religious, social, and political customs.
Martin Luther nails his "95 Theses" against the Catholic practice of selling indulgences, on the church door at Wittenberg. Mary Bellis covered inventions and inventors for ThoughtCo for 18 years. She is known for her independent films and documentaries, including one about Alexander Graham Bell.
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